By Barie Fez-Barringten
www.bariefez-barringten.com
bariefezbarringten@gmail.com
Abstract:
As AI (artificial intelligence) and architecture mediate and
control their mutual interactions metaphoric axioms will have beneficial impact
on both the future of architecture and AI because there is common metaphor
between natural (NI) and artificial intelligence (AI). The inference warrants
that for both architectures’ (AI and building) , master builder is an
interdisciplinary, multi-crafted and multi-venue team, They are also both arts since they wed intentional ideas to
craft and they both make metaphors, the commonality to all the arts.
While “architect” actually means master builder and “architecture” the
product of the master builder, this
is historically identified with habitable buildings.
The warrant to the inference of the
resolution is that the computer industries (and virtual designers) have made a
metaphor referring to the word “architecture” with its conceptual design and
fundamental operational structures of computer
systems. And, that you can assume that what is true for the parts is true for
the whole. We can assume that what is true for these specific examples can be
generalized and true for the whole.
Already, IT and AI industry metaphorically compare their sciences and
art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers
that meet functional, performance and cost goals with the ways and means
traditional architects design buildings. There is an interconnectivity between
the metaphor of computer’s instruction
set architecture, or ISA, machine
language (or assembly language), Microarchitecture
and system design.
Theoretically, I warrant that the as the body and mind of AI has
identified itself with “architecture” there is an opportunity to use
those links to apply and manage risks of AI to building architecture. However,
benign, risks include operating system downtime, programming errors,
inaccuracy in labeling and dimensions, misreading building codes, local
ordinances, misinterpreting FEMA regulations and potential tampering with
building security systems. . Further risks include erroneous selection of
material and building systems that may expose architects to errors and
omissions suits, so many of the general and specific axioms guidelines can be
uploaded into the AI architectural system.
So with AI potential risk [1] what can be the impact of artificial
intelligence on the future of building architecture?
Keywords: 271 words
(keywords, bio and affiliations)
Artificial intelligence, natural,
intelligence, human, metaphor, architecture, thought, commonality, commonplace,
dubbing, cognitive, knowing, stasis, art ,
[2] linguistic analogy, equilibrium,
equipoise, topoi, top-down, frame conflict, appreciate, conduit, parte, design
system, modified culture, mapping,
structure, domain, signs, apparatus, spaces, volumes, shapes, forms,
metaphorical mappings, invariance
principle, alive, dead, onomatopeics, surrogates, appetite, desire,
mind, indirect use, direct use,
vision, gestalt, formulae, grand design, psychological, processes, metaphor
comprehension, memory, mnemonics, encoding,
mapping, categorizing, inference, assimilation, accommodation, attribution,
inferential import, structured
programming, stability, referential specificity, general acceptance of terms,
vividness thesis, difference, identity, comparison sensible, communications, architecture, design, axioms,
building, information, modeling, strength, materials, warrant, resolution,
inference, claim, building, information, modeling, axioms
Biographical note:
IBM FORTRAN “4” classes at Yale,
Program planning for several Silicone Valley data companies and Gulf Oil Corp
computerized Project Management System (PMS) later published by John Wiley and
sons. Columbia University coursework in behavioral psychology under Ralph
Hefferline and others in voice/linguistics, Bachelor’s of Fine Arts from Pratt
Institute and Master of Architecture from Yale University where I was mentored
in metaphors and metaphysics by Dr. Paul Weiss.
For research I founded the New York City not-for–profit corporation
called Laboratories for Metaphoric Environments. In addition to authoring over fifteen
published monographs by learned journals I have spent 20 years in Saudi Arabia
and have written a book containing pen and ink drawings on perceptions of 72
European cities.
Institutional
affiliations:
Global University ;American Institute of Architects; Florida Licensed
Architect; Programming Chairperson for the Gulf Coast Writers Association;
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards; Al-Umran association of
Saudi Arabia, American Society of Interior Designers; and founding president of
Architects International Group of the Mid-East.
Paper (4,186 words)
Preface:
One of the links between AI and
architecture is that “Artificial” is to buildings so “intelligence” is to
architecture. Artificial Intelligence and architecture translate metaphorically
and their bi-products operate on their own as a work of architecture is as an
AI system. They both are made the same,
“artificially” (not natural architecture) and “intelligence” they think
independently, the building guides and direct. Architects and AI designers both
strive for the same result a product that when completed “works”.
As I argue the benefits’ and risks’
of architectural axioms I condition one with the other even though the risk to building design application is minimal
and any consequences benign. I present this intertwined argument because such
dangers are currently on the minds of many in the AI community. To talk about
one without consideration of the other might seem presumptuous and naïve.
However, in my opinion as a licensed design professional, the benefits to an AI
user-context would far outweigh the risks. Whatever malfunctions and dangers
would only affect a specific well contained user and be easily controlled.
Worst case would be a cost of time and expense to repair and redo as is the
profession’s current practice.
Relevance:
The resolution to my claims is that architectural
metaphoric axioms themselves sufficiently manage the marginal risk [1] of AI
being a potential adversary limiting the intelligence of machines and
explaining the essential difference between human intelligence and artificial
intelligence. In my view architectural
AI is best viewed as a surrogate and not an adversary! While architectural metaphoric axioms
contribute managing the risk [1] of AI being a potential adversary, it is left
to society to debate whether machines have a mind and consciousness. Within this context the challenge for AI
managers is AI’s capacity to discern metaphors (humans have the capacity and
capability to make use and discern metaphors).
AI challenge is to abridge these architectural metaphoric axioms into
their platform’s programs and systems, when they do this AI’s and
architecture’s mutual interactions will both be improved by metaphoric axioms
and mange risk [1]. To achieve this goal I believe the AI community can regulate,
legislate, monitor and license AI and its architectural devices and thus
engraft AI with sympathetic human characteristics and concerns.
The link between
AI and Architecture.
Introduction:
Because artificial intelligence is
inherently axiomatic, interdisciplinary [3] and metaphoric it is uniquely suited to
combine risk management and building architecture. Metaphoric axioms improve AI’s and architecture’s interactions
by likening it to architecture. As AI
architecture, the “strange” of AI becomes linked to the “familiar”
architecture and the two can be compared: AI and architecture, they both can
benefit from a metaphoric vocabulary. As
most AI/IT activities, they work through digital and mechanical devices,
mainframes, hard drives, processors, motherboards and chips, as well as
application software, firmware, middleware,
(which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems) , and system software
(such as operating systems) , which interface with
hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, these are
all the body to the brain of AI. To
warrant my claim as other disciplines these bodies are driven by some form of
axioms (structured vocabulary) however, about AI architectural work, there is
presently little in the way of axioms.
Historically, in the early
eighties, Silicone Valley data companies (I consulted such companies in
Sunnyvale between 1979 and 1981) scoured the market for soft information to
build proposed programs for computer aided design (CAD) intended to be driven by
design professionals to actually lay down graphic images instead of hand
drafted (pencil on paper) drawings.
Having put traditional draftsman out of the loop, and, developed “master
specs” for computerized specifications, the next step is now to reduce the
expense of design personal and extend the design capability and capacity.
Thirty years later the design industry claims that what can be done for the
design of manufacturing plants, machine parts and assemblies may be applicable
to creating communities, environments, developments and specific buildings.
The resolution’s presumed context
is that it is not just limited to information technology (IT) but a presumption of intelligence assuming man can make something which can think for itself as today’s computer
games, medical procedures, aircraft and military devices The below examples
show that when programmed, systems can make judgments in a strange environment
and metaphorically make the strange familiar (metaphorically) and
systematically design buildings. (Where
design is intentionally originating and developing a
plan for a product, structure, system, or component). The impact of
artificial intelligence on the future of architecture: practice, process and
products are that today there are “smart buildings” with internal mechanical
and electrical systems that respond to the specific behavioral patterns of
occupants.
Below you will find potentials for
the use of metaphoric architectural axioms where artificial intelligence
examples have been applied to designing
buildings without necessarily acting as an “architect”, where design is only
one architectural function.
No more than would we have
diagnostic equipment and robotics perform sovereign surgery on a doctor’s
patient. Currently all other systems use protocols, parameters and axiomatic
frameworks, axioms and guidelines needed to facilitate artificial diagnostics,
analysis, and design of buildings at one or another level is the impact of artificial intelligence on the future of
architecture. To complete the case for
the resolution that AI’s and architecture’s mutual interactions will be
improved and managed risks [ff] by metaphoric axioms I have provided a short
summary of the claims and examples a of the 83 axioms I have authored in another
much longer monograph [4] . Leaving
those details of all the axioms for another essay suffice it to say that these
axioms are essential drivers of AI architectural activities.
As a predicate this AI system can
be used by the architectural profession to expand its use of metaphors and
services to manage the design process by interfacing with clients, society,
culture, contractors and building authorities and finally selecting the
appropriate axioms and managing the overall design process [3]. These
architectural metaphoric axioms will have an impact on the future of AI and
building architecture. Since a host for
the architectural metaphoric axioms is needed I warrant my inference that even
today’s architectural practice has changed, communicating between many
disciplines via the Internet. “The
availability of reliable, high-speed electronic connectivity enabled
collaborative design team’s function irrespective of physical distance. [5] This
calls for new type of design and
simulation environment—one that facilitates automated searching and locating of
satisfying and optimizing parts, integration of selected parts in an assembly,
and simulation of the overall design that is distributed over the Internet”.
An increasing quantity of building
applications of AI work is based on [6] “Building Information Modeling (BIM)
generating and managing building data during its life cycle”. AI neither
promises uncontrolled sovereign operations, inventions, creativity, and
innovative design but instead it promises to operate within the parameters and
limits designed by man and if it could innovate, invent and create it would
only do so with either specific geometry or geometric axioms. However said,
Science fiction writers extrapolate the potential of AI beings aimed at
ultimately destroying their creators. This metaphor to Frankenstein is to our
culture as intimidating as is other unsavory results of cloning. Examples to the inferences where already
industrial design for automobiles, aircraft and boats use design applications
to meet aerodynamic, seismic, wind, structural loads, etc. These already
account for the strength of materials, if given, or can optimally select
materials based on its library of manufactured products. In addition [7] virtual building environments (VBE) are
now producing graphic scenarios to estimate, plan, buy and build; already
artificial intelligence is having an impact of on the future of architecture.
Examples and
concerns applying AI to building design.
Without concerns for risks the
practical and the esoteric applications of AI to the built environment is often
the result of metaphoric inventive processes, shocks and imaginative invention
such as [8] ANTS which is an innovative example of an AI
application to design buildings. “The
Autonomic Nanotechnology Swarm (ANTS) is a generic mission architecture
consisting of miniaturized, autonomous, self-similar, reconfigurable,
addressable components forming structures. The components/structures have wide
spatial distribution and multi-level organization.
This
‘swarm’ (metaphor) behavior is inspired (metaphoric association) by the success
of social insect colonies where within their specialties, individuals
outperform generalists and with sufficiently efficient social interaction and
coordination, groups of specialists outperform groups of generalists. [8] (Multi-disciplinary)
Axiomatically,
the type of information that is preserved in the traditional built environment
is organized-complexity: precisely the type of information that defines living
systems themselves. Thus, the traditional built environment consists of evolved
and discovered solutions (schemata) that make our life easier and more
meaningful” [9]
That having been said as ACTS combines design and construction “Research in construction automation at the
University of Reading led to the formulation of a computer-integrated,
component-based construction system. [10] The Reading Building System was rationalized
for automation following a systematic study of the construction processes
involved in the design and erection of a variety of building types, especially
high-tech offices. Computer-aided design (CAD) packages were written that used
Parts Set components as primitives and that offered flexibility in design that
was so often lacking in earlier approaches to system building. At the same
time, a family of automation aids was developed to manipulate the parts that
were modeled in the CAD
In
the Netherlands [11] “Artificial Design
focuses on the application in architecture and design of the algorithmic
approach to art being developed at the Institute
of Artificial Art Amsterdam. Once a
style has been defined the tool can
suggest any desired number of alternative designs for a given document. The Department
of Artificial Architecture
develops programs which generate random specifications of 3-dimensional
objects. Each of these programs employs a "visual grammar" to define
an infinite set of structures, and then draws random samples from this space”. “The science of design usually conceives of
AI as a set of tools for structuring the process, or planning, or optimizing. [12]
This further warrants that “ Rarely does the computer explore a
space of designs, and in doing so, it is generally following a set of precise
rules, so the machine is doing little else than repeating a series of
mechanical steps, faster than a human could. Creativity is usually considered
to lie outside the realm of what computers can do”. Evolutionary Design (ED), the creation of designs by computers using
evolutionary methods is a new research area with an enormous potential”.
To manage some of the risk [1] using existing metaphoric architectural axioms
manufactured buildings, pre-engineered steel buildings, mobile homes, decks,
kitchens, lighting, structures which are just some of the examples of
pre-designed programs allows user to
input variables to receive a design result.
There are both similarities and differences between human natural
intelligence and artificial intelligence which are metaphorically associated
with
the concerns of people and their aspirations to shape the
post-industrial society. Metaphorical fears that people and not machines shape
society adopted from the critics of the industrial and information revolution.
In a way this is risk mitigation by reducing adopting metaphors that make the
strange familiar and limit the unknowns.
However, on closer examination,
reality and fiction are different since artificial intelligence is authored by
humans (the imagined fear is that what was created by man could turn against
man when the AI capability to design, redesign and rebuild goes awry).
Especially in building design,
I argue that since there is a
difference between the imagined, possible the reality of the probable is
marginal, isolated, minuscule and therefore contained. The challenge to the AI community is to
contain runaway metaphorical thinking,
where the public looks to close down
human capacity for social innovation and sustainability.[13] Military, design,
engineering, accounting, medical, scientific, manufacturing and education are
just some of the fields already augmenting artificial intelligence with human
management.
As AI, Metaphor is one of the tools
of a [14] 'knowledge society' and to 'human-centered' technologies and
systems. One the attributes of anything artificial is that it is stagnant,
engrafted and reflective of its creator, it does not have its own free will at
least not that beyond what has been given by its designers. While humans change and adopt the artificial
remains as it was unless it also has the ability to rebuild, adopt and change.
This scope, range and amplitude of this capacity are likewise conditioned by
its creator. Like a work of architecture, machine, weapons and medical
equipment, self analysis, reprogramming and change are built-in. Dividing the
discipline's metaphors between technical
[15] and conceptual can improve
AI’s and architecture’s mutual interactions.
The brain can be simulated. Hans Moravec,
Ray Kurzweil
and others have argued that it is technologically feasible to copy the brain
directly into hardware and software, and that such a simulation will be
essentially identical to the original. [16] “The appropriately programmed computer
with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same
sense human beings have minds. Searle counters this assertion with his Chinese room
argument, which asks us to look inside the computer and try to find
where the "mind" might be. The resolution
to my claims is that AI’s and architecture’s mutual interactions will be
improved by metaphoric axioms is supported by claims, inferences and warrants
as AI’s and architecture’s mutual interactions will not only manage marginal
risks but be improved by metaphoric axioms which will have an impact on the
future of architecture and AI field.
Philosophers and scientists
concerned with ethics, morals and sociopolitical agreements critically challenge
[17] the limits of intelligent machines
while proponents of architectural metaphoric axioms recreate the
capabilities of the human mind. These
philosophers and scientists question if there is an essential difference
between human intelligence and artificial intelligence. They wonder can a
machine have a mind
and consciousness.
There is already a difference in perception between scholars and practitioners.
Since both humans and machines perceive their environment and take actions they
maximize their chances of success and manage risks while they likewise wonder if machines have a
similar human capacity and capability to discern metaphors.
“The
field (artificial intelligence) was founded on the claim that a
central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience
of Homo sapiens—can
be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[2] Can the artificial find the range of
unpredictable, whimsical, and historical stored in the human be replicated.
While for one it may be replicated but what about the trillions of other
possibilities and potentials in humans not inherent in the artificial, as
man, so does AI manage risks. [18] “Roughly
speaking, AI is the attempt by computer scientists to model or simulate
intelligent behavior on computers”
This in and of itself is
metaphoric, where one thing is stated in terms of the other. The intelligent
behavior is the commonplace/commonality to both the human and the machine. We
seem to want to make machines like us because we are the commonality.
If we cannot clone mankind we can
clone our body similar to the ancients who strove to be immortalized and as man
so does AI manage risks. The mind-machine metaphor, central to AI,
appears in jurisprudence as well. Sometimes it is explicit, as in Jerome
Frank's image of the judicial slot machine: Judging is seen as a process
wherein cases are fed into the hopper of the machine, a crank is turned, and
justice is dispensed at the output. [18]
The field of artificial intelligence is
interesting to a student of metaphor, because it was explicitly founded upon a
metaphor - several of them, in fact.
In the 1950s, a group of scientists
decided to try to provide the computer with intelligence. Their goal seemed
attainable due to a common metaphorical identification of the computer with a
brain. [19] From their efforts emerged
the field of artificial intelligence, or AI. As I thought about the basic, or
root metaphors of AI, I realized that they took a form resembling a classical syllogism, a mode of argument that forms
the core of the body of Western logical thought. Aristotle defined syllogistic
logic, and his formulations were thought to be the final word in logic; they
underwent only minor revisions in the subsequent 2,200 years: one of the
axioms driving the relationship is that the
computer is a brain, the premise in a syllogism containing
the minor term, which will form the subject of the conclusion.
“Thinking is computing, [20] concluding that if we provide the
computer with sophisticated programs, it will develop a mind similar to human
minds. [4], in risk free
circumstances. Artificial systems and the biological ones are similar for their
dynamicity, because they cope with the new situations in a way that is
controlled and creative at the same time.
[21]. In the case of architectural
design this can only leads to safer, healthier and “greener’ buildings. [13]
There is a body of study comparing AI to metaphors as I did in 1967 comparing
architecture to metaphors. [22]. There
is ample discussions on the analogies, symbolism and metaphors linking
machines and minds, computers and humans , and artificial intelligence with
natural intelligence it is therefore beneficial to apply the science, claims
and axioms about metaphors. [23]. But
what about axioms derived by social, psychological, philosophical, cognitive
scientist? In other works [4] I have
derived 83 axioms which I could apply both here have only discussed the ones
with major comparative value. As they did with AI we did with architecture and
are using these axioms and findings to compare human and machines. For example
[24] humans are able to generate metaphors by describing an operation in an
unfamiliar way and thus able to make what was already somewhat known dominant.
The generative metaphor is the name for a process of symptoms of a
particular kind of seeing-as, the “meta-pherein” or “carrying –over” of frames
or perspectives from one domain of experience to another. This process he calls
generative which many years earlier WJ Gordon called the Metaphoric Way of Knowing [25] and 2.1 Paul Weiss called
“associations” [26]. Both humans and computers can generate dead metaphors where one really does not contain any fresh metaphor
insofar as it does not really “get thoughts across” [27]; “language seems rather to help one person to
construct out of his own stock of mental stuff something like a replica, or
copy, of someone’s else’s thoughts”.
Man’s natural culture is a product
of man-made, unnatural things, that instead of culture shaping the computer it
is the computer (artificial intelligence) that shapes the culture. At first, culture creates the machines then
the artificial intelligence modifies the culture. Then new modified culture creates
new machines, etc. [28]
The affect of the metaphor on other
metaphors with all its links and consequences is manifest in the conduit [27] which leads to one after
the other and a continuation of the first. On
the one hand AI can result in prescriptive
design vs. abnormal,
different,
irregular,
occasional,
rare, sometime, and unusual design solutions
with such projects as CFS truss system
[29] , Arup/cultural society[30] and emergence [30] .
Emergence [30] is an
important new concept in artificial intelligence, information theory, digital
technology, economics, climate studies, material science and biometric
engineering. It is a development which
is set to inform not only the construction of buildings, but also the
composition of new materials. As a new science, coupled with material and
technological innovations, it is set to enter architecture into a new phase of
transition including new material processes and technologies that enable the
production of complex architectural forms and effects. Mathematics of emergence underlies advanced
manufacturing processes, how it is incorporated in the design process by
scientists developing new materials, by mass market and niche product
manufacturers, by engineers and by architects.
The new science demands new
strategies for design, strategies that have a remarkable similarity to the
evolutionary design development and optimization processes of nature. It
involves the intersection of a broad scope of disciplines including advanced
structural and biomimetic engineering, the mathematics of morphogenesis and
computer science with particular respect to artificial life and evolutionary
computation, in order to set forth an operative notion of emergence for architectural design [3] .
Postscript:
Aesthetics, human to machine admixture and AI as complex design tool
Today it is possible for AI to
design complex structures making possible the use of materials and structures
heretofore uneconomical, too costly and time consuming to ever be considered,
for example the steel light weight truss system [29] of a conventional roof .
Not withstanding the work of Afrred
I Tauber’s Elusive Synthesis: Aesthetics and Science and considering
the five senses of human experience defining aesthetics at best warrants a
negotiated and interdependency between man and his AI system. What can be
systemically or specifically programmed
will never reconstruct the human that directly senses and then with a sixth
sense makes some illogical but yet
pleasing redirection to himself feel, experience and enjoy the environment.
Aesthetics is a guiding principle in matters of artistic beauty and taste,
metaphor is the warrant to taste and is used to form works of art and
architecture. Aesthetics is also reasoning matters having to do with
understanding perceptions. While AI tools may be designed to replicate man’s
abilities to navigate, perceive, and judge the environment, AI cannot enjoy the
experience as one man (or the collective of all men).Then the AI device still
refers back to its creator to make sense of the events. It is to this extent
that AI thinking can intelligently, without the normative sense feedback, be
involved in aesthetic experience, judgment and consciousness. It is its
limitation of total sovereignty, autonomy and independence of AI.
It is likewise questionable, as a
design device, to replace human designers as the affects the quality of the
aesthetics of the design outcomes. But
there is no doubt that the AI designer
can change the paradigms of design outcomes where time, space and cost would
otherwise be prohibited and therefore could potentially expand the, scope ,
breadth and depth of programs to fully design green buildings, solve environmental issues, optimize, use of space,
materials and use materials in new ways.
Multi-disciplinary access from
arts, sciences, philosophies are economical and feasible with enough capacity
and devises so that buildings and their systems can include the sculptors
aesthetics for shapes and forms, the musicians ear for lyrical, harmony and the
poets sense of rhyme, sense and inference, Not to mention behavior psychologist
parameters of sequences and impacts of color, spaces, and distances, etc. AI
design will also facilitate client, user and occupant participation in the
design process. So while AI can perceive and act on signs of the senses the
artificial is not natural and has no natural understanding of the senses.
Aesthetically, as “beauty is in the eyes of the beholder” the AI does “be” but
not “behold”. In fact, since the world
in which man inhabits us actually design more and not less control of our
habitations, that is while we wish our habitations to be designed more humanely
than machine, meaning that ideally it would be designed by us. “Us” being
natural man augmented by a device but not managed by that device. We do not
desire the aesthetic of machines. As
example we don’t want to live in a factory, industrial park or warehouse. Even
living in a space capsule can only be for limited times as it is devoid of
nature. It is nature and free will which artificial lacks. AI is not a sinister
possibility but an opportunity to optimize the efficiency of nature in human
terms. Human architects both compose the program and manage to reify its
contents from words to diagrams and diagrams to two dimensional graphics and
three dimensional models to reify and bring- out (educate) the user’s mind and
fulfillment of unspoken and hidden needs. Needs which may or may not have been
programmed and intended; the metaphor is the final resolution until it is built
and used.
Then it is subject to further tests
of time, audience, trends, social politics, demographic shifts, economics, and
cultural changes. The aesthetics of the process and the product are indigenous
to natural man metaphor and a can be metaphorically assimilated by artificial
intelligence architects.
Conclusion:
There are two conclusions, the
first is that the risks which AI architectural axioms mitigate are benign,
local and parochial to the profession and pose little danger to the general
public. However, as a model and safe to develop it may be the proving ground
and first small step to bolster public confidence to consider applying AI to
other applications which may pose more of a risk to the public’s welfare.
The second is as “artificial” is to
buildings so “intelligence” is to architecture. Artificial Intelligence and
architecture translate metaphorically and their bi-products operate on their own
as work architecture is as an AI system.
They both are made the same, artificially (not natural architecture)
and intelligence they think independently, the building guides and direct.
Architects and AI designers both strive for the same result a product that when
completed “works”.
Citations listed alphabetically:
Boyd, Richard; 1.14.0
Conrad, Ulrich; 1.3
Fraser, Bruce; 1.10.0
Gentner, Dedre ;
1.13.0
Gibbs,
Jr., Raymond W.; 1.9.0
Glucksberg,
Sam; 1.12.0
Jeziorski, Michael; 1.13.0
Kuhn, Thomas S.; 1.15.0
Keysar,
Boaz; 1.12.0
Lakoff, George;
1.4
Mayer,
Richard E.; 1.17.0
Miller,
George A.; 1.11.0
Nigro, Georgia;
1.5.0
Ortony,Andrew;1.0
Oshlag,
Rebecca S.; 1.18.0
Petrie,
Hugh G; 1.18.0
Pylyshyn, Zeon W.; 1.16.0
Reddy.
Michael J.; 1.2
Rumelhart, David E.; 1.7.0
Sadock, Jerrold M.; 1.6.0
Schon, Donald A. ; 1.1
Searle, John R.; 1.8.0
Sternberg,
Robert J.; 1.5.0
Thomas
G. Sticht; 1.19.0
Tourangeau,
Roger; 1.5.0
Weiss,Paul; 1.4.11
Footnotes:
1. “Risk management is the
identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by
coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and
control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. Those risks and
prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy”.
2. George Lakoff
and Mark Johnson
in their work Metaphors We Live By.
Other cognitive scientists
study subjects similar to conceptual metaphor under the labels "analogy" and "conceptual blending."
3. Axiom’s contextual forms
Three levels of axioms matching three levels of AI
disciplines which influence AI architectures.
- Multidiscipline:
Macro most general where the metaphors and axioms and metaphors used by
the widest and diverse AI disciplines, users and societies. All of
society, crossing culture, disciplines, professions, industrialist arts
and fields as mathematics and interdisciplinary vocabulary.
- Interdisciplinary
axioms are between AI fields of art [I] whereas metaphors in general
inhabit all these axioms drive a wide variety and aid in associations,
interdisciplinary contributions and conversations about broad fields not
necessary involved with a particular project but if about a project about
all context including city plan, land use, institutions, culture and site
selection, site planning and potential neighborhood and institutional
involvement.
- Micro
Discipline: Between AI architects all involved in making the built
environment particularly on single projects involving relevant arts[I], crafts, manufactures,
engineers, sub-con tractors and contractors. As well as owners, users,
neighbors, governments agencies, planning boards and town councils.
4. Other monographs by Barie fez-Barringten
Deriving the Multidiscipline
axioms from Metaphor and Thought [1]
5. Distributed routine design over the internet with
cooperating modem agents
Pages: 209 by Mustafa Taner Eskil Michigan
State University as advised by: Jon Sticklen Michigan
State University: Published in 2004 by: Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA Year of Publication: 2004 ISBN:0-496-91545-2, Order Number:AAI3158940
6. One theory
claims that Professor Charles M. Eastman at Georgia Institute of Technology
coined the term. This theory is based on a view that the term Building
Information Model is basically the same as Building Product Model,
which Professor Eastman has used extensively in his book and papers since the
late 1970s. ('Product model' means 'data model' or 'information model' in engineering.)
Nevertheless, it is agreed upon
that the term was popularized by Jerry Laiserin
as a common name for a digital representation of the building process to
facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital format.
According to him and others the first implementation of BIM was under the Virtual
Building concept by Graphisoft's ArchiCAD, in its debut in 1987. Typically BIM uses
three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building modeling software to increase
productivity in building design and construction. The process produces the
Building Information Model (also abbreviated BIM), which encompasses building
geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and quantities and
properties of building
components.
7. VBE global network: VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland: Copyright © VTT 2006
Virtual Building Environments (VBE) II project is a pivotal opportunity for
Finnish Real Estate and Construction Cluster (RECC) to establish an
international competitive advantage in the design, construction and operation
of buildings.
8. NASA;
Goddard Space Flight Center; http://ants.gsfc.nasa.gov/ArchandAI.html
Official: Steven
Curtis; Website Curator: James Daniel; Last Updated: April 2008. The President's Vision for Space Exploration
initiated the transformation of NASA's extraordinary capabilities.
Future ART structures
will be capable of true autonomy using bi-level intelligence combining
autonomic and heuristic aspects, acting as part of an Autonomous Nanotechnology
Swarm (ANTS). The Autonomous
Nanotechnology Swarm (ANTS) Architecture is well suited to remote space or
ground operations. It is being implemented on a near term basis, using
Addressable Reconfigurable Technology (ART). In the future, Super Miniaturized
ART (SMART) will form highly reconfigurable networks of struts, acting as 3D
mesh or 2D fabric to perform a range of functions on demand.
9. Architecture:
Biological Form and Artificial Intelligence.; Nikos A. Salingaros (*)
and Kenneth G. Masden II (**) ; University of Texas at San Antonio; (*)
Department of Mathematics ; (**) College of Architecture; A revised version of
this paper, with illustrations, is published in The Structurist, No.
45/46 (2006), pages 54-61.
10. Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Techniques to Component-Based Modular Building Design” by C. Bridgewater, (Prof., Dept. of
Civ. Engrg., Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol. and Medicine, South Kensington,
London, SW7 2BU, England.) and B. L. Atkin, (Prof., Dept. of Constr.
Mgmt. & Engrg., Univ. of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AZ,
England.) Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,
Vol. 8, No. 4, October 1994, pp. 469-488, (doi 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1994)8:4(469))
11. Algorithmic Architecture Institute of
Artificial Art Amsterdam: Parklaan 55
3722 BD Bilthoven the Netherlands
3722 BD Bilthoven the Netherlands
a. Eric
Vreedenburgh and Remko Scha: "The Artificial City." In: Flip ten Cate
(ed.): De Vrije Ruimte. Nieuwe Strategieën voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening.
Amsterdam: Stichting Ontwerpen voor Nederland, 1998, pp. 154-155. [In Dutch.]
b. Remko
Scha: "Towards Architecture of Chance." In: Hans Konstapel, Gerard
Rijntjes and Eric Vreedenburgh (eds.): De Onvermijdelijke Culturele
Revolutie. (Den Haag: Stichting Maatschappij en Onderneming, 1998), pp.
105-114. [In Dutch.]
c. Jos de Bruin and Remko Scha:
"Algoritmische architectuur is toegepaste toevalskunst." Automatisering
Gids, April 25, 2003, p. 17.
12. Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Building, Construction and
Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria, 3190, Australia.
13. Metaphor and Artificial
Intelligence: A Special Double
Issue of metaphor and Symbol Edited by John A. Barnden, Mark G. Lee
Published by: Psychology Press
Publication Date: 1st March 2001 ISBN: 978-0-8058-9730-2 this special issue arose out of a
symposium on metaphor and artificial intelligence in which the main orientation
was computational models and psychological processing models of metaphorical
understanding. The papers in this issue discuss:
*implemented computational systems for handling different aspects of metaphor understanding;
*how metaphor can be accommodated in accepted logical representational frameworks;
*psychological processes involved in metaphor understanding; and
*the cross-linguistic cognitive reality of conceptual metaphors.
*implemented computational systems for handling different aspects of metaphor understanding;
*how metaphor can be accommodated in accepted logical representational frameworks;
*psychological processes involved in metaphor understanding; and
*the cross-linguistic cognitive reality of conceptual metaphors.
14. From http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/journal/146
quote of New Visions of the
Post-Industrial Society, Int. Conf. July 1994).
15. The technical is that all art [I], including AI expresses one thing
in terms of another by its inherent and distinct craft. On the one hand there
is the architect who acts as the master
builder (head carpenter); and on the other the fountain of conceptual metaphors which expresses ideas as
built conceptual metaphors other wise known as works of architecture. Techne is actually a system of
practical knowledge as a craft or art informed by knowledge of forms, cybernetics
and computational neuroscience computer
scientists, programmers, are just some of the disciplines researching this
craft.
16. This version is from Searle (1999),
and is also quoted in Dennett 1991,
p. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense
that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and
have other cognitive states." (Searle 1980,
p. 1). Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell &
Norvig (2003, p. 947):
17. Artificial
brain: Moravec 1988;
Kurzweil 2005,
p. 262; Russell
Norvig, p. 957; and Crevier 1993,
pp. 271 and 279 The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement
scenario) was put forward by Clark Glymour in the
mid-70s and was touched on by Zenon
Pylyshyn and John Searle in 1980. Daniel Dennett sees human
consciousness as multiple functional thought patterns; see "Consciousness Explained".
18. Mind, Machine,
and Metaphor an Essay on Artificial Intelligence
and Legal Reasoning Alexander E. Silverman Westview Press
and Legal Reasoning Alexander E. Silverman Westview Press
19. Artificial
intelligence - metaphor or oxymoron?
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Artificial+intelligence+-+metaphor+or+oxymoron
19.1 Warren Blumenfeld, Pretty
Ugly (New York New York, state, United
States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of: Perigee Books, 1989.)
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of: Perigee Books, 1989.)
19.2 Brad Darrach (1921-1997) was a journalist who wrote primarily for Time Inc.
magazines including Time, Life, People and Sports
Illustrated” and "Meet Shaky, The First
Electronic Person." (Life, November 20, 1970, pp.58B-68.)
19.3 Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (born October
15, 1929) in Terre Haute, Indiana is a professor of philosophy at the
University of California, Berkeley, & Stuart Dreyfus, Mind
Over Machine. (New York: Free Press, 1986.)
19.4 Marvin Minsky, "Artificial
Intelligence." (Scientific American, September, 1966, pp.246-260.)
19.6 Barbara Wallraff, "The
Literate Computer." (Atlantic Monthly, January, 1988, pp. 64-71.)
19.7 West & L. Travis, "The Computational Metaphor and Artificial
Intelligence." (AI Magazine, 12, (1), 1991, pp.64-79.)
19.8 Dr. Raymond Gozzi, Jr., is
Associate Professor in the Television-Radio Department at Ithaca
College
20. HTTP://WWW.COMPUTERHOPE.COM IS COPYRIGHTED
1998-2009. . The first electrical binary programmable computer analogy was to
the adding machine called the Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in
his parent’s living room between 1936 and 1938
21. Metaphor and AI: Statistic Relevance
and Cognitive Role. A Study on the Verb "guidare" (to drive) by
Simona Musco, Università degli Studi della Calabria, 2005-06. What is the way
man understands metaphor? The principal question is about the
possibility of the existence of physical systems different from man that is
able to reproduce the same phases that take to the comprehension of a metaphor.
22. The first lectures "Architecture as the Making of
Metaphors" were organized and conducted by Barie Fez-Barringten near
the Art and Architecture building at
the Museum of Fine Arts Yale University 11/02/67
until 12/04/67. During a prior series of colloquia at Yale on art, Irving
Kriesberg [C] [4] had spoken about the characteristics of painting as a
metaphor. It seemed at once that this observation was applicable to
architecture, to design of occupiable forms.
23. The
Computational Metaphor and Artificial Intelligence: A Reflective Examination of
a Theoretical False work by David M. West, Larry E. Travis
Considers questions of metaphor in science and the
computational metaphor in AI. Specifically, three issues: the role of metaphor
in science and AI, an examination of the computational metaphor, and an
introduction to the possibility and potential value of using alternative
metaphors as a foundation for AI theory.
24. Generative
metaphor: A perspective on problem-setting in social policy: by Donald A.
Schon
25. Metaphorical way of knowing by
William J.J Gordon: Gordon began formulating the Synectics
method in 1944 with a series ... (Cambridge), ...
26. Paul Weiss: Born in 1901, Paul Weiss
has made major contributions to several branches of philosophy, as well as to
teaching and scholarly publishing. Before his death at 101 years of age
completed a book called "Emphatics," about the use of
language"
Surrogates," published by Indiana University Press. Weiss
says that: “A surrogate is "a replacement that is used as a means for
transmitting benefits from a context in which its’ user may not be a part”.
Architecture’s metaphors bridge from the program, designs and contractors to a
shelter and trusted habitat.
27. The conduit
metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language about language: by
Michael J. Reddy.
28. Programs and
Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture about Glasarchitektur Ulrich
Conrad'
29. TrusSteel is the
product of over fifty-four years of combined experience in the truss
and CFS building products industry. Built upon the extensive truss
engineering and software knowledge of Alpine, an experienced staff of CFS
design engineers and many years of designing and building efficient trusses, it
is no surprise that more TrusSteel trusses are installed on commercial projects
each year than any other proprietary CFS truss system. With computerized design
what would take hours for each member, now is done in minutes and multiplied
time the hundreds in each system the material is now economically available.
30. Emergence: Morphogenetic Design Strategies by Michael
Hensel, Michael
Weinstock Hensel,
M., Menges, A., Weinstock, M. (eds.): 2004, Emergence: Morphogenetic Design
Strategies, Architectural Design, Vol. 74 No. 3, Wiley Academy, London. (ISBN:
0-470-86688-8)
Researched Publications: Refereed and
Peer-reviewed Journals: "monographs":
Barie Fez-Barringten; Associate professor Global University
1. "Architecture the making of metaphors"
Main Currents in Modern Thought/Center for
Integrative Education; Sep.-Oct. 1971, Vol. 28 No.1, New Rochelle, New York.
2."Schools and metaphors"
Main Currents in Modern Thought/Center for
Integrative Education Sep.-Oct. 1971, Vol. 28 No.1, New Rochelle, New York.
3."User's metametaphoric phenomena of
architecture and Music":
“METU” (Middle East Technical
University: Ankara, Turkey): May 1995"
Journal of the
Faculty of Architecture
4."Metametaphors and Mondrian:
Neo-plasticism and its' influences
in architecture" 1993 Available on Academia.edu since 2008
5. "The Metametaphor of architectural education",
North Cypress, Turkish University. December, 1997
6."Mosques and metaphors" Unpublished,1993
7."The basis of the metaphor of
Arabia" Unpublished,
1994
8."The conditions of Arabia in
metaphor" Unpublished, 1994
9. "The metametaphor theorem"
Architectural
Scientific Journal, Vol. No. 8; 1994 Beirut Arab University.
10. "Arabia’s metaphoric images" Unpublished, 1995
11."The context of Arabia in metaphor" Unpublished, 1995
12. "A partial metaphoric vocabulary of Arabia"
“Architecture: University of Technology
in Datutop; February 1995 Finland
13."The Aesthetics of the Arab architectural
metaphor"
“International Journal for Housing
Science and its applications” Coral Gables, Florida.1993
14."Multi-dimensional metaphoric
thinking"
Open House, September 1997: Vol. 22;
No. 3, United Kingdom: Newcastle uponTyne
15."Teaching the techniques of making
architectural metaphors in the twenty-first century.” Journal of King Abdul Aziz University Engg...Sciences; Jeddah: Code:
BAR/223/0615:OCT.2.1421 H. 12TH
EDITION; VOL. I and
“Transactions” of
Cardiff University, UK. April 2010
16. “Word Gram #9” Permafrost: Vol.31 Summer 2009 University of Alaska Fairbanks;
ISSN: 0740-7890; page 197
17. "Metaphors
and Architecture." ArchNet.org. October, 2009.at MIT
18. “Metaphor as an
inference from sign”; University of Syracuse
Journal of Enterprise
Architecture; November 2009: and nominated architect of the year in special
issue of Journal of Enterprise Architecture explaining the unique
relationship between enterprise and classic building architecture.
19. “Framing the art
vs. architecture argument”; Brunel University (West London); BST: Vol. 9
no. 1: Body, Space & Technology Journal:
Perspectives Section
20. “Urban Passion”:
October 2010; Reconstruction & “Creation”;
June 2010; by C. Fez-Barringten;
http://reconstruction.eserver.org/;
21. “An architectural
history of metaphors”: AI & Society: (Journal of human-centered and
machine intelligence) Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication: Pub:
Springer; London; AI & Society located in University of Brighton, UK;
AI & Society. ISSN
(Print) 1435-5655 - ISSN (Online) 0951-5666 : Published by Springer-Verlag;; 6 May 2010 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j2632623064r5ljk/
Paper copy: AIS Vol. 26.1. Feb. 2011; Online ISSN 1435-5655; Print ISSN
0951-5666;
DOI 10.1007/s00146-010-0280-8; :
Volume 26, Issue 1 (2011), Page
103.
22. “Does
Architecture Create Metaphors?; G.Malek; Cambridge; August 8,2009
Pgs 3-12 (4/24/2010)
23. “Imagery or
Imagination”:the role of metaphor in architecture:Ami Ran (based on
Architecture:the making of metaphors); :and Illustration:”A Metaphor of
Passion”:Architecture oif Israel 82.AI;August2010pgs.83-87.
24. “The sovereign
built metaphor”: monograph converted to Power Point for presentation to
Southwest Florida Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. 2011
25.“Architecture:the
making of metaphors”:The Book;
Contract to publish: 2011
Cambridge
Scholars Publishing
12 Back Chapman Street
Newcastle upon Tyne
NE6 2XX
United Kingdom
12 Back Chapman Street
Newcastle upon Tyne
NE6 2XX
United Kingdom
Edited
by
Edward Richard Hart,
0/2 249 Bearsden Road
Glasgow
G13 1DH
UK
Lecture:
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